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What explains gender inequalities in HIV/AIDS prevalence in sub-Saharan Africa? Evidence from the demographic and health surveys

Identifieur interne : 000111 ( Main/Exploration ); précédent : 000110; suivant : 000112

What explains gender inequalities in HIV/AIDS prevalence in sub-Saharan Africa? Evidence from the demographic and health surveys

Auteurs : Drissa Sia ; Yentéma Onadja [Burkina Faso] ; Mohammad Hajizadeh ; S. Jody Heymann [États-Unis] ; Timothy F. Brewer [États-Unis] ; Arijit Nandi [Canada]

Source :

RBID : PMC:5095963

Descripteurs français

English descriptors

Abstract

Background

Women are disproportionally affected by human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). The determinants of gender inequality in HIV/AIDS may vary across countries and require country-specific interventions to address them. This study aimed to identify the socio-demographic and behavioral characteristics underlying gender inequalities in HIV/AIDS in 21 SSA countries.

Methods

We applied an extension of the Blinder-Oaxaca decomposition approach to data from Demographic and Health Surveys and AIDS Indicator Surveys to quantify the differences in HIV/AIDS prevalence between women and men attributable to socio-demographic factors, sexual behaviours, and awareness of HIV/AIDS. We decomposed gender inequalities into two components: the percentage attributable to different levels of the risk factors between women and men (the “composition effect”) and the percentage attributable to risk factors having differential effects on HIV/AIDS prevalence in women and men (the “response effect”).

Results

Descriptive analyses showed that the difference between women and men in HIV/AIDS prevalence varied from a low of 0.68 % (P = 0.008) in Liberia to a high of 11.5 % (P < 0.001) in Swaziland. The decomposition analysis showed that 84 % (P < 0.001) and 92 % (P < 0.001) of the higher prevalence of HIV/AIDS among women in Uganda and Ghana, respectively, was explained by the different distributions of HIV/AIDS risk factors, particularly age at first sex between women and men. In the majority of countries, however, observed gender inequalities in HIV/AIDS were chiefly explained by differences in the responses to risk factors; the differential effects of age, marital status and occupation on prevalence of HIV/AIDS for women and men were among the significant contributors to this component. In Cameroon, Guinea, Malawi and Swaziland, a combination of the composition and response effects explained gender inequalities in HIV/AIDS prevalence.

Conclusions

The factors that explain gender inequality in HIV/AIDS in SSA vary by country, suggesting that country-specific interventions are needed. Unmeasured factors also contributed substantially to the difference in HIV/AIDS prevalence between women and men, highlighting the need for further study.

Electronic supplementary material

The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12889-016-3783-5) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.


Url:
DOI: 10.1186/s12889-016-3783-5
PubMed: 27809824
PubMed Central: 5095963


Affiliations:


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Le document en format XML

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<term>Female</term>
<term>Ghana (epidemiology)</term>
<term>HIV Infections (epidemiology)</term>
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<term>Malawi</term>
<term>Swaziland</term>
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<term>Adult</term>
<term>Female</term>
<term>Health Status Disparities</term>
<term>Health Surveys</term>
<term>Humans</term>
<term>Male</term>
<term>Middle Aged</term>
<term>Prevalence</term>
<term>Risk Factors</term>
<term>Sex Distribution</term>
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<term>Disparités de l'état de santé</term>
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<sec>
<title>Background</title>
<p>Women are disproportionally affected by human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). The determinants of gender inequality in HIV/AIDS may vary across countries and require country-specific interventions to address them. This study aimed to identify the socio-demographic and behavioral characteristics underlying gender inequalities in HIV/AIDS in 21 SSA countries.</p>
</sec>
<sec>
<title>Methods</title>
<p>We applied an extension of the Blinder-Oaxaca decomposition approach to data from Demographic and Health Surveys and AIDS Indicator Surveys to quantify the differences in HIV/AIDS prevalence between women and men attributable to socio-demographic factors, sexual behaviours, and awareness of HIV/AIDS. We decomposed gender inequalities into two components: the percentage attributable to different levels of the risk factors between women and men (the “composition effect”) and the percentage attributable to risk factors having differential effects on HIV/AIDS prevalence in women and men (the “response effect”).</p>
</sec>
<sec>
<title>Results</title>
<p>Descriptive analyses showed that the difference between women and men in HIV/AIDS prevalence varied from a low of 0.68 % (
<italic>P</italic>
 = 0.008) in Liberia to a high of 11.5 % (
<italic>P</italic>
 < 0.001) in Swaziland. The decomposition analysis showed that 84 % (
<italic>P</italic>
 < 0.001) and 92 % (
<italic>P</italic>
 < 0.001) of the higher prevalence of HIV/AIDS among women in Uganda and Ghana, respectively, was explained by the different distributions of HIV/AIDS risk factors, particularly age at first sex between women and men. In the majority of countries, however, observed gender inequalities in HIV/AIDS were chiefly explained by differences in the responses to risk factors; the differential effects of age, marital status and occupation on prevalence of HIV/AIDS for women and men were among the significant contributors to this component. In Cameroon, Guinea, Malawi and Swaziland, a combination of the composition and response effects explained gender inequalities in HIV/AIDS prevalence.</p>
</sec>
<sec>
<title>Conclusions</title>
<p>The factors that explain gender inequality in HIV/AIDS in SSA vary by country, suggesting that country-specific interventions are needed. Unmeasured factors also contributed substantially to the difference in HIV/AIDS prevalence between women and men, highlighting the need for further study.</p>
</sec>
<sec>
<title>Electronic supplementary material</title>
<p>The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12889-016-3783-5) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.</p>
</sec>
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<author>
<name sortKey="Carael, M" uniqKey="Carael M">M Caraël</name>
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<author>
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<author>
<name sortKey="Akam, E" uniqKey="Akam E">E Akam</name>
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<name sortKey="Chege, J" uniqKey="Chege J">J Chege</name>
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<author>
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<author>
<name sortKey="Caceres, C" uniqKey="Caceres C">C Caceres</name>
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<name sortKey="Ogden, Ja" uniqKey="Ogden J">JA Ogden</name>
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<author>
<name sortKey="Aggleton, P" uniqKey="Aggleton P">P Aggleton</name>
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<author>
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<name sortKey="Warner, A" uniqKey="Warner A">A Warner</name>
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<author>
<name sortKey="Baeten, Jm" uniqKey="Baeten J">JM Baeten</name>
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<author>
<name sortKey="Vermund, Sh" uniqKey="Vermund S">SH Vermund</name>
</author>
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<name sortKey="Wasserheit, Jn" uniqKey="Wasserheit J">JN Wasserheit</name>
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<name sortKey="Thomas Slayter, Bp" uniqKey="Thomas Slayter B">BP Thomas-Slayter</name>
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<list>
<country>
<li>Burkina Faso</li>
<li>Canada</li>
<li>États-Unis</li>
</country>
<region>
<li>Californie</li>
<li>Québec</li>
</region>
<settlement>
<li>Montréal</li>
</settlement>
<orgName>
<li>Université McGill</li>
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<name sortKey="Hajizadeh, Mohammad" sort="Hajizadeh, Mohammad" uniqKey="Hajizadeh M" first="Mohammad" last="Hajizadeh">Mohammad Hajizadeh</name>
<name sortKey="Sia, Drissa" sort="Sia, Drissa" uniqKey="Sia D" first="Drissa" last="Sia">Drissa Sia</name>
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<name sortKey="Onadja, Yentema" sort="Onadja, Yentema" uniqKey="Onadja Y" first="Yentéma" last="Onadja">Yentéma Onadja</name>
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</country>
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<region name="Californie">
<name sortKey="Heymann, S Jody" sort="Heymann, S Jody" uniqKey="Heymann S" first="S. Jody" last="Heymann">S. Jody Heymann</name>
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<name sortKey="Brewer, Timothy F" sort="Brewer, Timothy F" uniqKey="Brewer T" first="Timothy F." last="Brewer">Timothy F. Brewer</name>
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<country name="Canada">
<region name="Québec">
<name sortKey="Nandi, Arijit" sort="Nandi, Arijit" uniqKey="Nandi A" first="Arijit" last="Nandi">Arijit Nandi</name>
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